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1991-11-14
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PRICE WATERHOUSE
HIGH TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY SPECIALTY
OUTLINE FOR PREPARING A BUSINESS PLAN
It is important to remember that our outline should be
treated as a guide, and not as a rigid, all-encompassing format:
each business is unique and its plan should reflect as much.
It is also important to understand that no reasonable
investor will look at your plan as indelibly etched in stone. As
market conditions change, as company strategies evolve, as
projections are surpassed or not reached, the plan should be
updated to reflect revised scenarios.
A FEW GENERALIZATIONS ABOUT BUSINESS PLANS
o The Executive Summary is critical: This two to three page
summary of the plan is where most investors turn first; it is
where they decide to read on or to decline the opportunity.
o Focus: The plan should be clear as to products to be devel-
oped and markets to be addressed by the business. Do not say
the company will develop a widget and sell it to General
Motors and the grocery store down the street without detailing
how it's to be done.
o Avoid unsubstantiated superlatives: The "trust me" school of
thought doesn't work in business plans -- if your product is
going to be the best in the market, thoroughly describe why.
o Quantity does not equal quality: The well written plan is
succinct and to the point. The typical plan should be able
to say it all in 30 to 50 pages.
o First impressions are lasting impressions: Incorrect
spelling, grammar, punctuation; numbers that don't total; a
poorly organized plan; all can add up to sink a proposal that
might otherwise float. Take the time to have the plan
proofread by at least three other members of your team.
o "Slick" plans can be a turnoff: Expensively prepared plans
are often perceived as form over substance and frivolous
spending. Don't waste scarce financial resources on a too-
professional document.
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- 2 -
o Avoid the use of non-assertive language: Qualifying words
such as "might," "probably," "maybe," "perhaps," and the like
can have a subtly negative effect on readers; be positive or
don't say it at all.
The Business Plan -- An Outline
I. NON-DISCLOSURE AGREEMENT
Usually the first page of the document, the non-disclosure
agreement states that the information in the plan is
proprietary and is not to be shared, copied, disclosed, or
otherwise compromised. The agreement can be verbal or can
take the form of signed documentation.
Be prepared to negotiate on signed non-disclosures, as many
investors balk at such agreements.
II. CONTROL NUMBERING
Also usually on the first page of the plan, the control
number is cross-referenced to a journal kept by the
entrepreneur (i.e., copy 14 issued to Jake Johns on
September 10, 1984). Control numbering is not critical,
but does help keep track of issued plans.
III. THE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Many consider this the most important part of the plan
because it is what investors read first. It is the
"tickler" through which an investor will be convinced to
spend more time on the plan itself.
The Executive Summary should be as short as possible, but in
any event, should not exceed three pages. It should be a
concise and clear highlight of what the company is all about
and what's in it for the investor. It should include
descriptions of the following, while at the same time
remaining to the point:
o The Company -- When formed
To pursue what purpose:
. design a new product
. manufacturing
. marketing
. etc.
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- 3 -
o The Product(s) -- What are you selling
What makes it unique
Is it a proprietary product/other
entry barriers
At what stage is its development
Distinguishing features from
competition
. pricing
. quality
. speed
. etc.
o The Market -- Current size
Domestic/international
Recent growth (cite sources)
Projected growth (cite sources)
Estimated company market share
o Financial -- Financing sought:
. for what purposes
. will carry company how far
Five-year revenue and net income
projections
Projection of when profits will
begin
o Management -- How complete is the team
Brief past experience
Highlight strengths
IV. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Suggested sections might include:
. The Company
. The Market
. Marketing Strategy/Plans
. The Product(s)
. Development Plan
. Operations/Manufacturing Plan
. Management
. Financial
- 4 -è
V. THE COMPANY
In this section, a more detailed description of the company
is made, but it is essentially an expansion of the details
in the Executive Summary.
o When founded and by whom?
o What markets to be pursued?
Is the company creating demand or is it responding to
existing demand?
o What will the products do for buyers? Reduce
costs; improve efficiency; etc.
o Who are the buyers (not specifically, but in
general, i.e., disk drive manufacturers,
semiconductor manufacturers, etc.)
o How many people in the company now; how many
expected in the future?
o What technologies being used in production?
Generally, this section will run two to five pages in length
and will serve to highlight details covered in greater depth
in later sections.
VI. THE MARKET
More often than not, this section proves to be one of the
major obstacles to entrepreneurs in writing business plans.
The section should provide an indepth view of how the
company perceives the market into which it will be selling:
Market size:
Recent past
Current
Projected (5 to 10 years)
Market trends:
Where is the market going and why?
What are the economic trends?
Maturity of market -- growth stage or level?
Products in the market:
What is available?
How many suppliers?
Market players:
Who is buying? OEMS; end users?
Why are they buying?
What are they looking for?
On what factors are buy decisions made?
Market segments:
Natural splits -- geographic, industries, volume
vs. unit buyers, etc.
Growth prospects within each segment
- 5 -è
Market distribution:
How are products delivered to buyers?
. direct sales
. manufacturers' representatives
. distributors
Competition:
Who are they?
Strengths?
Weaknesses?
Markets addressed (segments)
Reputation
The better your know your competition, the better you'll be
able to plan around them (and the more you'll impress
potential investors).
How well you know the market will be demonstrated in this
section. The sources for intelligence in any market are
myriad:
o Existing manufacturers (competitors)
. product brochures
o Interviews with marketing people (which requires a
degree of brashness, but don't be timid in asking a
potential competitor to lunch to pick his or her
brain).
o Trade publications: if you don't know what's
available, ask someone who does; call editors for
further suggestions on sources.
o Analysts' reports: available from many securities